This direct wiring matters for evolution because it gives microbes a fast lane into the brain’s decision-making machinery. If microbial metabolites can trigger specific gut sensory neurons, and those ...

Human evolution has long been tied to growing brain size, and new research suggests prenatal hormones may have played a surprising role. By studying the relative lengths of index and ring fingers — a ...

The evolution of the human species is marked by an increase in brain size. Now new research suggests that could be partly ...

A new study reveals that changes to the gut microbiome can change the way the brain works. Humans have the largest relative brain size of any primate, but little is known about how mammals with larger ...

In a new study published in Science, a Belgian research team explores how genetic switches controlling gene activity define brain cell types across species. They trained deep learning models on human, ...

The brain’s hemispheres are specialized for efficiency. Modern neuroscience shows lateralization enhances function without ...

Stress, the body's natural response to different types of challenges and daily problems, is an inherently harmless state experienced by most people worldwide. While short-term stress is a common ...

Recent fossil and skull studies reveal a surprising trend: Despite a fourfold increase in brain size starting around 2 million years ago, which coincided with major advancements in tool use, social ...