In a new article, a team of researchers analyze how to avoid misinterpreting correlations in cross-cultural studies. The researchers identify three sources of non-independence in cultural variables -- ...

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In the first case, there is a strong upward-sloping relationship between X and Y; in the second case, no apparent relationship; in the third case, a strong downward-sloping relationship. Note the ...

Correlation coefficients range from -1 to +1, indicating the strength of relationships between variables. Investors use correlation coefficients for portfolio diversification to reduce risk.

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