The accretion of new material during Pluto’s formation may have generated enough heat to create a liquid ocean that has persisted beneath an icy crust to the present day, despite the dwarf planet’s ...

Buried nearly a kilometre beneath the Atlantic seabed west of Guinea-Bissau lies a geological time-capsule: gigantic 117-million-year-old mud waves sculpted by dense, underwater avalanches. A new ...

The Ob, Yenisei, and Lena rivers flow into the Kara and Laptev seas and account for about half of the total freshwater runoff to the Arctic Ocean. The transport and transformation of freshwater ...

Researchers investigate the effects of oxygen content on the melting of mantle rocks and the formation of early Earth magma It is widely accepted that the early Earth largely consisted of molten magma ...

The formation of marine snow is an important part of the biological carbon pump as carbon is exported to depth. These particles are composed of cells, minerals, and other sources of organic carbon ...

Saturn's moon Mimas harbors a global ocean beneath its icy shell, discovered through analysis of its orbit by Cassini spacecraft data. This ocean formed just 5-15 million years ago, making Mimas a ...